Abstract INTRODUCTION Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is a complex health problem, causing difficulties in clinical–therapeutic management worldwide. It is of particular concern in Latin America, the Caribbean and China, where it is an emerging health problem. Carbapenemases produced by these organisms inactivate carbapenem antibiotics. Monitoring circulating genotypes’ geographic dispersion contributes to more effective control measures. However, exhaustive studies on carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii are scarce. OBJECTIVES Study the production of carbapenemases in clinical isolates of A. baumannii resistant to carbapenem antibiotics and the geographic distribution of the sequences circulating in China, Latin America and the Caribbean. DATA ACQUISITION We followed PRISMA indications. We carried out a systematic search in Pubmed, BVS and CKNI on papers on A. baumannii and carbapenemases published during 2015–2020 in English, Spanish and Chinese, and selected 29 cross-sectional studies that met the search criteria. Studies were evaluated using JBI Critical Appraisal tools, and quantitative data were collated for meta-analysis using the Metaprop library in Stata15. DEVELOPMENT OXA-type carbapenemases were detected in all studies; among A. baumannii resistant to carbapenem antibiotics, predominant types were OXA-23, OXA-24, OXA-54 and OXA-72; metallobetalactamases were identified less frequently than OXA carbapenemases. Only one clinical isolate producer of Class A carbapenemases (KPC) was identified in Colombia. In total, 41 sequence types were identified; in Latin America and the Caribbean the most common types were: ST79, ST25, ST1 and ST15; in China, the sequences ST195, ST208, ST191, ST368 and ST369 were the most prevalent. ST2 was found in both regions. CONCLUSIONS The most prevalent carbapenemases and sequence types vary by region, indicating different ancestral strains. Microbiological surveillance, antibiotic use optimization, adequate infection treatment and timely control strategies are essential for carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii prevention and control in geographies such as Latin America, the Caribbean and China where such resistance is an emerging health problem.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bacterial resistance endangers the health and survival of human beings and increases the economic burden on society and patients. It is a global phenomenon; therefore, Cuba is not exempted from it. Objective: To present the social and economic impact of antimicrobial resistance from a philosophical point of view as well as to describe the role of a preventive measure to stop antimicrobial resistance. Material and Methods: A review of bibliographic sources was carried out in databases such as PubMed and the Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library; Google Scholar search engine was also used. Development: Social, economic and ethical aspects related to bacterial resistance are analyzed. A preventive measure to stop antimicrobial resistance is described. In addition, the relationship between antibacterial drugs, bacterial resistance and prevention and control measures is analyzed from the point of view of science-technology-society. Conclusions: Human society is constantly developing and progressing under the promotion of science and technology. In just a few decades, antibiotics have gone from being "miracle drugs of great impact on health" to being "a non-renewable resource in danger of extinction". Necessary measures such as the optimization of the use of antibiotics, a health policy support, and a health strategy for the prevention and control of infections must be taken to stop the development of bacterial resistance.

RESUMEN Introducción: La resistencia bacteriana pone en peligro la salud y la supervivencia de los seres humanos, aumenta la carga económica de la sociedad y los pacientes. Es un fenómeno global por lo que Cuba no queda exenta. Objetivos: Exponer el impacto social y económico de la resistencia antimicrobiana desde el punto de vista filosófico y describir el rol de una medida preventiva en la contención de la resistencia antimicrobiana. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de fuentes bibliográficas que fueron localizadas mediante la base de datos Pubmed, Portal Regional de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud y el motor de búsqueda Google Académico. Desarrollo: Se analizan los aspectos sociales, económicos y éticos relacionados con la resistencia bacteriana y se ejemplifica una medida preventiva en la contención de la resistencia antimicrobiana. Además, se analiza la relación entre fármacos antibacterianos, resistencia bacteriana y medidas de prevención y control desde el punto de vista de ciencia-tecnología-sociedad. Conclusiones: La sociedad humana se desarrolla y progresa constantemente bajo la promoción de la ciencia y la tecnología. En pocas décadas, los antibióticos han pasado de ser "drogas milagrosas de gran impacto para la salud” a ser "un recurso no renovable en vías de extinción”. Se deben adoptar las acciones pertinentes para frenar el desarrollo de la resistencia bacteriana con un enfoque multisectorial. Se requiere una gobernanza, optimización del uso de antibióticos, apoyos de políticas de salud y un fortalecimiento de los programas de prevención y control de infecciones.

ABSTRACT Host immunogenetic setting is involved in the regulation of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and development of condyloma acuminatum (CA). We investigated the correlation of two common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (−607C/A and −137G/C) of IL-18 with the susceptibility of CA in a large Chinese cohort. Out of 408 CA patients analyzed, 300 had HPV infection transmitted through sexual contact (SC) and 108 through non-sexual contact (NSC). In addition, 360 healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. SNPs at positions −607C/A and −137G/C in IL-18 promoter were analyzed. Comparing CA patients to healthy controls, no dominant relevance was found between the IL-18 promoter −607 C/A or −137G/C polymorphisms and the CA disease either identified genotypically (p > 0.05) or by allelically (p > 0.05). However, the IL-18 promoter −137G/C polymorphism genotype and allele frequencies in the NSC CA group, but not between in the SC group, were significantly higher than in the controls. There was no dominant relevance between IL-18-607C/A polymorphism genotype and allele frequencies among SC, NSC CA patients, and controls. Our study demonstrates that polymorphism −137G/C in IL-18 promoter is significantly correlated with risk of CA in NSC patients.